The Ordinary Heroes of the Taj Hotel: Rohit Deshpande at TEDxNewEngland

Here are the ten revolutionary approaches to traditional engineering

By Dr Aloknath De

‘Smart engineering' is all about using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or an objective. Scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge is applied in the process. This knowledge serves as an engine behind designing, building and maintaining structures, machines, systems, materials and even processes.

Need-of-the-hour engineering:

In the Before Christ period, people focused on primitive technology for agriculture - studying soil characterisation, improving irrigation system, and finding means of ploughing land for harvesting. As civilisation moved from the Stone Age to the Metal Age, the society learnt to cook and prepare food. Agriculture to heavy engineering to electronics engineering - various themes have got emphasis during India's series of five-year plans. Today's ‘need-of-the hour engineering' is towards a wide deployment of broadband and connectivity, and an optimisation of required infrastructure.

Improvised engineering:

I call the second lever of smart engineering as ‘improvised engineering'. This deals with how the same or similar purpose is achieved by more sophisticated technology. For example, in the early days, the shadow from an anchored stick used to give relative time-of-the-day. Currently, we have watches of all types including high-precision instruments that capture the split-second difference between winner and runner-ups in the Olympics 100-meter race. Smartphones have not only enriched voice communication, but also eased file-sharing and multimedia data transfer.

Strip-down engineering:

Curiosity about what goes into a product design gets satiated to a great extent by reverse engineering. How many people have tried to unravel Coke's signature formula? We also hear about frugal engineering, which drives down the cost factor but at times fails to maintain the durability of the product. ‘Strip-down engineering' combines the strengths of reverse engineering and frugal engineering. The engineering smartness here is built around applying Pareto's 80:20 principle and analysing how to keep essential functionalities. The goal is to select the top 80 per cent features from a user perspective and implement them with 80 per cent cost reduction.

Performance-boosting engineering:

The success of a product or service lies in its performance by relative as well as absolute measures. ‘Performance-boosting engineering' seeks to enhance performance by keeping constraints in mind. Let us take the example of the mobile phone where we currently leverage the octa-core processor. The evolution from single-core to octa-core has enabled us to incorporate parallelisation and increase processing power. In a heterogeneous processing environment, appropriate partitioning of code across ASIC, DSP, CPU, GPU, and MCU chips significantly drive up system performance. This category of smart engineering also encompasses developing multi-resolution systems, such as a spectrum of products from phone-with-full-connectivity-but-basic-camera to higher-resolution-camera-but-basic-phone-connectivity. This class of smart engineering facilitates introduction of more complex features, reduces response time or boosts other system performance metrics.

IntelliSys engineering:

 ‘IntelliSys engineering' empowers intelligent systems, promotes autonomous operation based on closed-loop control, energy efficiency and networking capabilities for a platform or a system to be intelligent. IntelliSys engineering for connected cars enables us to build cars that aid in navigation, cars that can go driverless, cars that talk to each other by wi-fi technology and cars that will even fly!

Cross-pollination engineering:

Studying a single field dries up one's ideas! Newer fields are emerging. And solutions for some problems require extensive knowledge of multiple faculties - either to tie ideas up, or learn from one field and apply to another. This is what I term as ‘cross-pollination engineering'. For example, knowledge of geology and soil engineering combined with biology helps to address problems pertaining to geo-microbiology. This helps us understand how bacteria and viruses come to our food through soil contamination and what possible remedies could be taken up. Geography knowledge in conjunction with information system expertise paves the way for geo-information system (GIS). Cross-pollination engineering gives birth to new fields like fiber optic communication that combines optical physics with telecommunication. The field of music, coupled with acoustics engineering, opens a chapter of musicology by cross-pollination of subtleties in both fields.

Smart-auxiliary engineering:

At times, engineering plays second fiddle to scientific projects - it helps in next-level of scientific discoveries through infrastructural support. Let us consider the lLarge hadron collider mega project recently conducted in CERN, Geneva. The very simulation of the Big Bang has been an engineering feat - this has been a pre-requisite to determine what happens after the big bang event. The support role of engineering should not be misconstrued as engineering trivia. One mouse can bother an elephant! One bird can hit a plane and knock it down.

Sustainable engineering:

 ‘Sustainable engineering' encourages us to build products that consume less energy and cause least damage to the environment. Let us take the example of electronic circuitry. Researchers have progressed to operate digital chipsets in 1.8V instead of 3V or 5V. Energy-aware protocols have also been designed. These techniques substantially help in overall power reduction for electronics equipments. Sustainable engineering addresses concerns around energy consumption, electro-magnetic radiation hazards produced by cell towers and so on. How to reduce contamination and even re-purify natural resources for our well-being is the concept behind sustainable engineering that impacts the product design phase.

Nature-inspired engineering:

City parks often have bushes that are shaped like animals. We can also design usable products inspired by flora and fauna. Cranes are built mimicking a long-necked giraffe. Look at our national flower lotus. The lotus leaves manage to remain free of contaminants as they possess a field of small bumps and dust is easily picked up by water drops. Nature-inspired engineers study objects and phenomena from nature to understand how a fundamental scientific principle works in daily life and apply the notions in product design.

Forward-looking engineering:

Engineering foundations that are based on strong theory and driven by science can be quite forward-looking. Information theory, game theory, number theory and string theory have all been playing roles in telecommunication, cryptography and other associated areas. Technology is moving from virtual reality to augmented reality. User interactions are changing from touch-base to gesture-controlled. Integration of audio, visual and haptic feedback is becoming a part of next user interaction. Quantum computing uses qubits with superposition and entanglement. Using these basic principles, quantum teleportation allows the same entity to be in two places simultaneously, but observation decoheres. Forward-looking engineering aims to manifest scientific ideas or even science fiction concepts to reality.

The writer is senior VP and CTO, Samsung India – Bangalore

Google plans to use Android to make the connected home a reality

At Google i/o this year, the company announced plans for Android@Home, a system that lets you control all your appliances, lights, and other stuff in your home from your Android phone.

Google was light on specifics as to how it would work, but it definitely sounded cool.

Why it's innovative: Switching your lights on and off? Setting your alarm? Setting your sprinklers to go off? If Google figures out a way to let you do all that from your Android phone, it'd be a huge game changer.

PROJECT GLASS:

  THE COMPUTER EYE WEAR…

    Google’s Project Glass is a product of the search giants X-Labs. A super-secret test bed where Google incubates the ideas of the future (such as the driverless car & elevators to space…yeah, I know…). The idea behind Project Glass isn’t so far out though. In a nutshell they consist of a Logic board similar to that found in your smartphone, running Google’s Android OS that is built into a frame with an integrated battery and heads up display. There will most probably also be a touch pad or button of some sort as Larry Page is seen pressing to take a snap in one of his keynote addresses. The concept behind the whole project is called Augmented Reality and has been used in Smartphone apps for a while now. Nonetheless, Google’s limitless budget and Brain Train should see that Project Glass will take wearable electronics to the mass…

TECHNOLOGY 
It is hard to believe how much the world has changed in the last 30 years ago. Three decades ago, a day in the office involved poring over files and printed statistic pages that had been mailed from another office. Today, a similar day would involve reading these same statistics from the screen of a digital device such as a laptop or a handheld device. Thanks to the rapid evolution in technology, modern business results and relationships are achieved differently. Today, people are more likely to be concerned with acquiring essential iPhone parts or MacBook parts to their respective device than they are with buying a new suit. Even we have trouble keeping up with the latest and greatest stuff.

With every new smartphone, every new computer, every new chip, we get closer and closer to what will become the standard in the future.

Wireless high-speed Internet everywhere? We're getting close thanks to LTE. Cars that drive themselves? Google is working on it. Appliances that sync with your smartphone? Android has you covered.

We put together what we think are the best gadgets and technologies that are setting the stage for tomorrow's tech.

The prototype device is built to be "virtually unbreakable", Samsung claims.
The prototype device is built to be "virtually unbreakable", Samsung claims.
“Our team was able to make a high resolution display on extremely thin plastic instead of glass, so it won’t break even if it’s dropped,” said Berkeley. 

It's called the Youm, but its technical name is a "flexible OLED display." OLED stands for organic light-emitting diode and flexible OLED technology promises to eventually bring bendable tablets, computer monitors and HD television screens.
“Our team was able to make a high resolution display on extremely thin plastic instead of glass, so it won’t break even if it’s dropped,” said Berkeley. 
It's called the Youm, but its technical name is a "flexible OLED display." OLED stands for organic light-emitting diode and flexible OLED technology promises to eventually bring bendable tablets, computer monitors and HD television screens.
It's called the Youm, but its technical name is a "flexible OLED display." OLED stands for organic light-emitting diode and flexible OLED technology promises to eventually bring bendable tablets, computer monitors and HD television screens.

   FLEXIBLE SCEERN…

     Samsung, manufacturers of smart phone range is up again with a new concept THE FLEXIBLE TECHOLOGY…

MORE ABOUT FLEXIBLE SCREEN:

   The screen uses the same OLED - organic LED - technology as many current smartphones, but encased in plastic instead of glass. 

   The device was shown off by Brian Berkeley, senior vice-president of Samsung Display, at a presentation at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.

Even when you bend the screen, the color display and image quality do not change in any noticeable way.

Not only does the flexible OLED screen bend -- it uses less power. If you watch movies or shows on your mobile device, you'll have fewer battery issues whenever the day comes that you have a bendable mobile device.

The flexibility of the screen does offer some drawbacks, though. The screen will bend, but in a direction away from your finger when you're typing. Meaning -- if you have trouble typing on your current smartphone screen, wait 'til you try typing on a screen that keeps bending around all the time.

     So when can we finally to finally own these awesome unbreakable, uncrackable phone screens?

Samsung is not saying when the bendable screens will be integrated on a phone or released to the public. They just want you to know that they are capable of doing this.

THE LEADER

It was Daniel Goleman who first brought the term “emotional intelligence” to a wide audience with his 1995 book of that name, and it was Goleman who first applied the concept to business with his 1998 HBR article, reprinted here. In his research at nearly 200 large, global companies, Goleman found that while the qualities traditionally associated with leadership—such as intelligence, toughness, determination, and vision—are required for success, they are insufficient. Truly effective leaders are also distinguished by a high degree of emotional intelligence, which includes self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill.

These qualities may sound “soft” and unbusinesslike, but Goleman found direct ties between emotional intelligence and measurable business results. While emotional intelligence’s relevance to business has continued to spark debate over the past six years, Goleman’s article remains the definitive reference on the subject, with a description of each component of emotional intelligence and a detailed discussion of how to recognize it in potential leaders, how and why it connects to performance, and how it can be learned.

Every businessperson knows a story about a highly intelligent, highly skilled executive who was promoted into a leadership position only to fail at the job. And they also know a story about someone with solid—but not extraordinary—intellectual abilities and technical skills who was promoted into a similar position and then soared.

Such anecdotes support the widespread belief that identifying individuals with the “right stuff” to be leaders is more art than science. After all, the personal styles of superb leaders vary: Some leaders are subdued and analytical; others shout their manifestos from the mountaintops. And just as important, different situations call for different types of leadership. Most mergers need a sensitive negotiator at the helm, whereas many turnarounds require a more forceful authority.

I have found, however, that the most effective leaders are alike in one crucial way: They all have a high degree of what has come to be known as emotional intelligence. It’s not that IQ and technical skills are irrelevant. They do matter, but mainly as “threshold capabilities”; that is, they are the entry-level requirements for executive positions. But my research, along with other recent studies, clearly shows that emotional intelligence is the sine qua non of leadership. Without it, a person can have the best training in the world, an incisive, analytical mind, and an endless supply of smart ideas, but he still won’t make a great leader.

In the course of the past year, my colleagues and I have focused on how emotional intelligence operates at work. We have examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and effective performance, especially in leaders. And we have observed how emotional intelligence shows itself on the job. How can you tell if someone has high emotional intelligence, for example, and how can you recognize it in yourself? In the following pages, we’ll explore these questions, taking each of the components of emotional intelligence—self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill—in turn.

source : hbr blog

can you solve ?

Einstein`s Riddle:

Einstein wrote the following riddle. He said that 98% of the world could not solve it. But several NIEHS scientists were able to solve it, and they said its not all that hard if you pay attention and are very patient. Give it a try:


There are 5 houses in 5 different colors in a row. In each house lives a person with a different nationality. The 5 owners drink a certain type of beverage, smoke a certain brand of cigar, and keep a certain pet. No owners have the same pet, smoke the same brand of cigar, or drink the same beverage. Other facts:


1. The Brit lives in the red house.
2. The Swede keeps dogs as pets.
3. The Dane drinks tea.
4. The green house is on the immediate left of the white house.
5. The green house`s owner drinks coffee.
6. The owner who smokes Pall Mall rears birds.
7. The owner of the yellow house smokes Dunhill.
8. The owner living in the center house drinks milk.
9. The Norwegian lives in the first house.
10. The owner who smokes Blends lives next to the one who keeps cats.
11. The owner who keeps the horse lives next to the one who smokes Dunhill.
12. The owner who smokes Bluemasters drinks beer.
13. The German smokes Prince.
14. The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
15. The owner who smokes Blends lives next to the one who drinks water.


The question is : WHO OWNS THE FISH?

NANO BOTS

WE ALL KNOW ABOUT NANO PARTS!!!
BUT THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE IS NANOBOTS
SIMPLY THESE ARE TINY PARTIALS WHICH ARE 0.1-10 MICRONS IN SIZE 


Basic nano machines are already in use. Nanobots will be the next generation of nanomachines. Advanced nanobots will be able to sense and adapt to environmental stimuli such as heat, light, sounds, surface textures, and chemicals; perform complex calculations; move, communicate, and work together; conduct molecular assembly; and, to some extent, repair or even replicate themselves. Nanobot.info is an informational site that provides information on both recent developments and future applications at the intersection of nanotechnology and robotics. Nanotechnology is the science and application of creating objects on a level smaller than 100 nanometers.  The extreme concept of nanotechnology is the "bottom up" creation of virtually any material or object by assembling one atom at a time.  Although nanotech processes occur at the scale of nanometers, the materials and objects that result from these processes can be much larger.   Large-scale results happen when nanotechnology involves massive parallelism in which many simultaneous and synergistic nanoscale processes combine to produce a large-scale result.

Nanotechnology spans and merges disciplines dealing with matter at the micro level (physics, chemistry, and biology) with those dealing with matter at the macro level (engineering, materials science and computer science).

Nanotechnology coatings are already being used to make clothing with stain-resistant fibers.  Nanotech powders are already being used to formulate high-performance sun-screen lotions.  Nanoparticles are already helping to deliver drugs to targeted tissues within the body.  Additional applications are underway in the areas of: medical diagnosis and treatments; biotechnology; advanced development of pharmaceuticals; cosmetics; aerospace and automotive industries; security, defense, and environmental protection; electronics, computers and communication; energy production, storage, and lighting; and manufacturing and product design.  

The robot in this illustration swims through the arteries and veins using a pair of tail appendages 

Nano manufacturing is the creation of materials and products through: (1) Direct Molecular Assembly (DMA) -- discrete, directed assembly of individual atoms and molecules into macroscale materials and products; (2) Indirect Crystalline Assembly (ICA) -- creation of conditions that foster the growth of nanoscale crystals that are then combined into macroscale materials and products; or (3) Massive Parallelism Assembly (MPA) -- the creation of many nanomachines or nanobots whose operating parameters cause them to work synergistically to assemble atoms and molecules into macroscale materials and products.What defines life?  Is it the ability to …reproduce? … adapt to the environment?  …think and learn?  Or is life determined by structure and origin rather than function and ability?  Nanotechnology may be able to create nanobots that emulate certain  functions of biological entities, but the structures and origin of nanobots will likely remain quite different than those of biological entities
Many human illnesses and injuries have their origins in nanoscale processes.  Accordingly, application of nanotechnology to the practice of medicine and biomedical research opens up new opportunities to treat illnesses, repair injuries, and enhance human functioning beyond what is possible with macroscale techniques.  At the nanoscale level, the distinctions between mechanical and biological processes blur.  Nanoparticles can attach to certain cells or tissues and provide medical images of their location and structure.  Hollow nanocapsules with pharmaceutical contents can attach to cancer cells and release their payloads into them – maximizing targeted delivery and minimizing systemic side effects.  Nanomedibots may repair vital tissue damanged by injury or disease, or destroy cancerous tissue that has gone awry, without invasive surgery
There are promising applications of nanotechnology in the field of orthopedics.  Grafts of natural bone can carry disease or trigger immune rejection by the host.  If one sterilizes the bone to reduce the chances of disease, then this can weaken the bone.  Artificial bone cement without nanotechnology can work for small applications, but tends to not have sufficient strength for load-bearing bone replacement.   However, artificial bone paste made with nanoceramic particles shows considerable promise for bone repair and replacement, even in load-bearing applications.  Additionalhttp://nanojournal.nano-tek.org/. 

In addition to delivering pharmaceuticals as discussed above, nanotech medical robots ("nanomedibots") may be able to: monitor body function; repair damaged tissue at the molecular level; deconstruct pathologic or abnormal material or cells such as cancer or plaque; and enhance human health and functioning. Although nanomedibots have not been developed, there are ongoing advances in nanofluidics and carbon nanotube flow sensors that may become their building blocks.  As nanotechnology and biotechnology advance, nanomedibots and engineered beneficial microorganisms may be integrated.

REFERENCE :   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics

THE TOY CITY... LOXX-BERLIN'S

GUYS ARE YOU THINKING THIS IS A REAL CITY???
NO NOT AT ALL....
THE IMAGES SHOWN BELOW ARE TOYS . THE CITY IS MADE OF TOYS WITH TOY TRAINS,CARS,PEOPLE,FLIGHTS,TANKERS,CRANES etc.,

If toy train sets still make you go all soft and awaken the child inside of you, Berlin's LOXX is a station stop you shouldn't miss.

With 2,500 square metres of H0-scale model railways right in the heart of Berlin, LOXX is claimed to be the world's largest digital model railway. LOXX technicians have recreated with great felicity the landscape and atmosphere of the city with about 4.15 kilometres of track, over 400 trains, 10,000road  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6gvnHrGDQs

 vehicles and about 50,000 human figures. Every 20 minutes, nightfall is simulated and the set is illuminated with over 18,000 miniature lights. 

LOXX, despite its stiff entry fee, is a hit with kids and kids-at-heart and some tourists haveTHE CONTROL ROOM...

HYDRO ENERGY................

Introduction

Hydropower is a renewable energy resource because it uses the Earth's water cycle to generate electricity. Water evaporates from the Earth's surface, forms clouds, precipitates back to earth, and flows toward the ocean. The movement of water as it flows downstream creates kinetic energy that can be converted into electricity. 2700 TWH is generated every year.  Hydropower supplies at least 50% of electricity production in 66 countries and at least 90% in 24 countries.  Out of the total power generation installed capacity in India of 1,76,990 MW (June, 2011), hydro power contributes about 21.5% i.e. 38,106 MW. A capacity addition of 78,700 MW is envisaged from different conventional sources during 2007-2012 (the 11th Plan), which includes 15,627 MW from large hydro projects. In addition to this, a capacity addition of 1400 MW was envisaged from small hydro up to 25 MW station capacity. The total hydroelectric power potential in the country is assessed at about 150,000 MW, equivalent to 84,000 MW at 60% load factor. The potential of small hydro power projects is estimated at about 15,000 MW.  

Technology

A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversion to electricity takes place. The first step in the generation of energy in a hydropower plant is the collection of run-off of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and rivers, during the hydrological cycle. The run-off flows to dams downstream. The water falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and turns a large wheel called a turbine. The turbine converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy to drive the generator After this process has taken place electricity is transferred to the communities through transmission lines and the water is released back into the lakes, streams or rivers. This is entirely not harmful, because no pollutants are added to the water while it flows through the hydropower plant.

Potential in India

India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario. As per assessment made by CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to the tune of 1 48 700 MW of installed capacity. The basin wise assessed potential is as under :-

Basin/RiversProbable   Installed Capacity (MW)
Indus Basin	33,832
Ganga Basin	20,711
Central Indian River system	4,152
Western Flowing Rivers of southern India	9,430
Eastern Flowing Rivers of southern India	14,511
Brahmaputra Basin	66,065
Total	1,48,701

 In addition, 56 number of pumped storage projects have also been identified with probable installed capacity of 94 000 MW. In addition to this, hydro-potential from small, mini & micro schemes has been estimated as 6 782 MW from 1 512 sites. Thus, in totality India is endowed with hydro-potential of about 2 50 000 MW.

Installed Capacity

The total installed capacity of India is 36878 MW.

Projects

Major Hydropower Generating Units

NAME	STATE	CAPACITY (MW)
BHAKRA	PUNJAB	1100
NAGARJUNA	ANDHRA PRADESH	960
KOYNA	MAHARASHTRA	920
DEHAR	HIMACHAL PRADESH	990
SHARAVATHY	KARNATAKA	891
KALINADI	KARNATAKA	810
SRISAILAM	ANDHRA PRADESH	770

Top Ten Countries (In Terms Of Capacity)

COUNTRY	POWER CAPACITY (MWh)	INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW)
TAJIKISTAN	527000	4000
CANADA	341312	66954
USA	319484	79511
BRAZIL	285603	57517
CHINA	204300	65000
RUSSIA	160500	44000
NORWAY	121824	27528
JAPAN	84500	27229
INDIA	82237	22083
FRANCE	77500	77500

Growth In Hydropower

NASA Observes the Waldo Canyon Fire, Colo.

06.27.12

 

NASA satellites continue to provide coverage of the smoke and heat signatures generated from wildfires raging in the western United States. The Waldo Canyon Fire is threatening populated areas, and is located near Colorado Springs, Colo.

The MODIS instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured an image of the fire on June 26, 2012. Thick smoke, partially obscured by clouds, is visible blowing toward the northeast. The red outlines indicate hotspots where MODIS detected unusually warm surface temperatures associated with fires. (Credit: NASA's MODIS Rapid Response Team)
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› More on this image from NASA's Earth Observatory 

The Waldo Canyon Fire was discovered on June 23, 2012, burning in Pike National Forest near Colorado Springs, Colorado. By June 27, it had burned 15,517 acres (6,280 hectares), was 5 percent contained, and had forced at least 32,000 people to evacuate their homes. 

Don Savage, retired from NASA and residing in Colorado, captured photographs of the Waldo Canyon Fire. The photos and a short video taken on June 26 and 27, convey the close proximity to the Colorado Springs neighborhoods. "One photo was shot from Garden of the Gods looking north towards Queen's Canyon, where the fire crested the ridge and moved down into Colorado Springs," he said. "When the Waldo Canyon fire crested a ridge it worked its way down to the Mountain Shadows neighborhood," he said. "That's where a few hours later many houses burned on June 26, 2012." 

This video of the smoke from the Waldo Canyon Fire near Colorado Springs, Colo., was shot on June 27, 2012, by retired NASA employee Don Savage. This timelapse was shot over the course of 3 minutes. (Credit: Don Savage Photography, used with permission) › Dowload video (MOV)

According to Inciweb, the Incident Response website, currently more than 750 people are battling the fire. For updates on the fire and evacuations, visit Inciweb at: http://www.inciweb.org/incident/2929/#content.

This photo was taken from Garden of the Gods, looking North towards Glen Eyrie, Colorado and the ridges just west of Colorado Springs. There are neighborhoods on the east slopes of the ridge climbing up pretty high, which are the homes that were in the path of the fire yesterday, June 27, 2012. (Credit: Don Savage Photography, used with permission)
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This photo was taken of the Waldo Canyon fire from southwestern Colorado Springs, looking northwest towards the areas where the fire started on Saturday. (Credit: Don Savage Photography, used with permission)
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This photo was shot from Garden of the Gods looking north towards Queen's Canyon, where yesterday, June 26, 2012, the fire crested the ridge and moved down into Colorado Springs. (Credit: Don Savage Photography, used with permission)
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The Waldo Canyon fire crested the ridge and is working its way down to the Mountain Shadows neighborhood, where a few hours later many houses burned on June 26, 2012. (Credit: Don Savage Photography, used with permission)
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Adam Voiland and Rob Gutro
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.




reference : www.nasa.gov